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POLICY PAPERS
March 28, 2023
This paper provides an early assessment of five initial programs supported by the IMF’s new facility supported by the Resilience and Sustainability Trust to address two long-term challenges, climate change and pandemic preparedness. We find that its operations can be strengthened to better achieve t...
POLICY PAPERS
February 10, 2023
Bangladesh’s Primary Education Stipend Program provides stipends for 13 million primary schoolchildren to 10 million mothers. In 2017 the method of payment changed from cash to mobile money. This study considers the experience of the mothers with the shift to mobile money, and to the change in payme...
POLICY PAPERS
January 19, 2023
This study surveys Kenya's electronic payment system for social benefits, Inua Jamii, from the perspective of recipients, including their views on convenience and the benefits from competition. It also considers whether these digital G2P payments programs have increased financial inclusion more gene...
POLICY PAPERS
June 06, 2022
Before the pandemic, the achievement of the SDGs by 2030 was doubtful in part because of the slow pace in generating additional revenues from domestic sources. As the financing needs have increased after the pandemic, the achievement of these goals will be delayed beyond 2030, unless additional fina...
POLICY PAPERS
April 11, 2022
India imposed a lock-down in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and began a gradual re-opening in June. A telephonic survey in April examined the early effectiveness of information and the massive PMGKY social protection program (Policy Paper 217). This paper analyzes a second-round sur...
POLICY PAPERS
November 22, 2021
In this paper, we introduce the concept of climate debt and provide country-level estimates through 2035 under a business-as-usual scenario. These estimates can help inform the debate on climate change by providing a clear view of which countries have (until the present) contributed the most to clim...
POLICY PAPERS
July 22, 2021
Together with a lockdown and an information campaign, India’s early response to the Covid-19 pandemic included the launch of PMGKY, a major social protection package. This built on previous digital investments including in direct benefit transfer to financial accounts as well as on several establish...
POLICY PAPERS
December 10, 2020
Spending needs for financing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in developing countries are large and cannot be covered by external flows alone. This has made it imperative for these countries to raise more resources domestically over time—an urgency accentuated by the fiscal impact of COVID-1...
POLICY PAPERS
November 18, 2020
This paper investigates the extent to which institutional and political factors explain statutory tax rates in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In particular, it examines the effect of regulatory quality, political accountability, political fragmentation, the electoral cycle, and ideological orientation on...